Introduction

Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931)

The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, 1895   (Psychologie des foules)

(Reading: The Mind of Crowds)

• “The crowd thinks in images … Our reason shows us the incoherence there is in these images, but a crowd is almost blind to this truth, and confuses with the real event what the deforming action of its imagination has superimposed thereon. A crowd scarcely distinguishes between the subjective and the objective. It accepts as real the images evoked in its mind, though they most often have only a very distant relation with the observed fact.”
• “Crowds have always undergone the influence of illusions. Whoever can supply them with illusions is easily their master; whoever attempts to destroy their illusions is always their victim.”
• “It is necessary by their condensation, if I must thus express myself, they should produce a startling image which fills and besets the mind. To know the art of impressing the imagination of crowds is to know at the same time the art of governing them.”

Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904)

The Laws of Imitation (1890)

Similarity

Astounding similarity in the human landscape.

Similarity in all possible orders.

(manners, religion, government).

History, for Gabriel Tarde, is in a constant state of repetition, and the social demands of the present are indeed the inexorable imitations of the desires in the past.

Universal Repetition

 Physical, biological, and social worlds can be considered the result of a systematic repetition: “science is the coordination of phenomenon regarded from the side of repetition” .

Three types of repetition: (molecular) Vibrations (physical world), heredity (biological world), imitation (social world).

Laws of imitation:

social subjects as essentially imitative and as being social to the extent that they imitate.

in imitating we are not consciousness that we are doing such.

• the law of close contact,
• the law of imitation of superiors by inferiors,
• and the law of insertion.

Fashion vs Tradition

Imitation vs innovation/invention

Social logic vs individual logic

invention, opposition, adaptation

Underground cultures – become mainstream.

Robert E. Park (1884 – 1944)

The Crowd and the Public

• “Characteristically the crowd always functions at the perception stage of awareness-development, while the behavior of the public, which is expressed in public opinion, results from the discussion among individuals who assume opposing positions. This discussion is based upon the presentation of facts.”

Edward Ross (1866-1951)

(Reading: Means of Control)

“Social Control” (1901)

• “The coarse, vital man may ignore the social stigma. The cultivated man may take refuge from the scorn of his neighbors in the opinion of other times and circles; but for the mass of men, the blame and the praise of their community are the very lords of life …” (90)
• “It is not so much the dread of what an angry public may do that disarms the modern American, as it is sheer inability to stand unmoved in the rush of totally hostile comment, to endure a life perpetually at variance with the conscience and feeling of those about him …  Only the criminal or the moral hero cares not how others may think of him.” (104)
• “The dead member drops from the social body.” (104)
• Advantages of public opinion as source of social control compared with the law:
  • Flexible
  • Immediate
  • Cheap